Depression differs from simple grief or mourning and can be classified into different types. Both freuds and beck s theory of depression reduce depression down to the loss of a loved one and the way we think, in addition both theories do not consider other possible factors such as genes. Girls are no more likely than boys to evidence depression in childhood, but by about age, girls rates of depression begin to increase sharply, whereas boys rates of depression remain low, and may even decrease. Depression symptoms, causes, medications and therapies. Directly and indirectly, the social environment plays a role in depression. Albert ellis pointed out that the irrational beliefs of people with depression tend to take the form of absolute statements. Biological explanations of aggression ashbourne college. Current understandings of major depression diathesis. It chronicles the studies that prompted the theory of learned helplessness and provides a cogent and comprehensive summary of the research up to the books publication in 1995 on the phenomenon. Learn more about the causes, symptoms, types, and treatments for depression. Biological explanation of depression biological explanations of dysfunctional behaviour centres around physiology, and refers to aspects of biology such as genetics and brain functioning. What we do know is that antidepressant medications. Depression is the most common of the affective disorders.
Biological, psychosocial, and spiritual dimensions and treatment abdulmissagh ghadirian, m. Physical illnesses, including hypothyroidism and mitochondrial disease, can also trigger depressive. Clinical depression consists of a group of disorders with various causes. Biological theories of crime attempt to explain behaviors contrary to societal expectations through examination of individual characteristics. These theories stem from work concerning the principles of learning and conditioning from the early to mid1900s.
The evolution of antidepressant drugs has, in some ways, been the systematic narrowing down of monoamines to serotonin. Unfortunately, this book cant be printed from the openbook. Apr 18, 2012 psychological theories of depression 23 mar depression is an illness that presents an individual with a desolate mood, a loss of interest and pleasure, feelings of guilt or low self worth, disrupted sleep pattern or appetite, a loss of energy and poor concentration. Hopelessness and worthlessness in 1917, sigmund freud published a book on depression called mourning and melancholia. The full extent of those alterations is still being explored, but in the past few decadesand especially in the past several yearsefforts to identify them have progressed rapidly. Five theories have been developed to explain the mechanism of depressive mood disorders, including the monoamine, biorhythm, neuroendocrine, neuroimmune, and kindlingneuroplasticity theories.
Safe and effective psychological treatment options are desirable for subthreshold depression in patients with acs. Depressive disorders are heterogeneous diseases, and the complexity of symptoms has led to the formulation of several aethiopathological hypotheses. Integrating neurobiological markers of depression pdf. The physical manifestations are common features of depression present in up to 80% of depressed patients 2. But coaching in the world of sports is hardly a secure enterprise. Typically these are conditional beliefs such as im worthwhile if im loved or if i am achieving adequately.
Just as with schizophrenia, the most popular neurophysiological theory of. Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity. Abstract depression is one of the most pervasive disorders and a leading cause of disability worldwide. A loss of interest in activities or feeling sad and down are symptoms that characterize this condition. Some focus on the biological causes, others on the social or cultural causes. There are many theories of depression which have different implications for the therapy that is used. The chemistry of depression neurotransmitters and more. Cognitive theories of depression ellis and bandura gulf bend. Major depression as a complex dynamic system arxiv. Commitmentof the patient involuntarily to a secure psychiatric facility is much less likely if this course of action is followed and should only be considered as a last resort. Consequently, the treatment profile is also diversified. Hopko the university of tennessee, department of psychology, room 301d, austin peay building, knoxville, tn 379960900, united states. Among the most prominent cognitive models of depression to have emerged over the past several. Ellis describes three main irrational beliefs typical of depressive thinking.
You may have heard that depression is the result of a simple imbalance of brain chemicals. Behavioral theories of depression biology of depression cognitive theory of depression evolutionary approaches to depression existential crisis. However, for some individuals, the intensity and persistence of depressive symptoms. Besides the fact that antidepression drugs are all monoamine agonists, there is other evidence that supports the theory. Oct 05, 2011 there are many theories of depression which have different implications for the therapy that is used. Fourquadrant investigation of jobrelated affects and behaviours pdf. We argue that this theory of connectivity provides a framework that people working in the field of holistic treatment and care could use to better understand and respond to the life experience of people living with depression. Researchers suggest dysfunction in mitochondria the main source of energy for cells may be the root cause of depression. Cognitive theories of depression in children and adolescents. The psychological makeup of a person dictates how each stimulus will be interpreted and assigned an emotional valence. Rick nauert has over 25 years experience in clinical, administrative and academic healthcare. Biology of depression neurotransmitters depression.
Signs and symptoms of depression 2 close family members who have experienced depression. Cognitive theories of depression have long posited that various cognitive biases. Stewart, 2010 the psychological causes of depression are very vast, however three theories on how depression comes about will be explored in this essay. The above discussion shows how all of the proposed theories of depression are really just different nodes in an interactive matrix. Major depressive disorder mdd, also known simply as depression, is a mental disorder. Theory of pathology depression, suicide and trauma in adolescence 11% of adolescents have a depressive disorder by age 18 suicide. As for the present therapeutic implications, the monoaminergic theory of depression is paralleled with the chronobiolgy theory and mainly with the theory of circadian rhythm dysregulation. Social psychological theories of agression ashbourne. During the 1960s psychodynamic theories dominated psychology and psychiatry. Hall, 1998 monamine5ht hypothesis just as with schizophrenia, the most popular neurophysiological theory of depression follows from the drugs that are used to treat it. According to the cognitive theory of depression, peoples at. No one theory will completely explain the biological bases for depression because depression is really. Uncovering the biology of depression yale scientific magazine.
Depression is a complex disorder that involves multiple systems of the body. Robert baralcounselingcase study depression 4022004 adpage 4 medication and initial therapy is certainly reasonable. Psychological theories provide evidencebased explanations for why people think, behave, and feel the way they do. It is very difficult to actually measure the level of neurotransmitters in a persons brain and their activity. The etiology of depression depression in parents, parenting. Psychological theories of depression simply psychology. Compare and contrast two theories of major depression. Depression has been linked to problems or imbalances in the brain, specifically with the neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Depression is a disorder affecting mood and general outlook. With mourning, depression is a grief reaction to the loss of an actual love object e.
Depression causes causes of depression howstuffworks. While taking medication can be of assistance in overcoming depression, psychological treatments are also available. These theories are categorized within a paradigm called positivism also known as determinism, which asserts that behaviors, including lawviolating behaviors, are determined by factors largely beyond individual control. Depression can affect anyone at any age though it does seem to be more prominent in females. In 1975, straus, gelles, and steinmetz conducted the first national study of intimate partner. Cognitive theories of depression ellis and bandura. The biological explanation of depression specifically refers to. It outlines the connection between learned helplessness and depression as well as investigating other facets, like the cognitive and biological. While psychotherapy is helpful for some people with depression, if there is a chemical imbalance in the brain, it may not be enough to address their symptoms. New theory may explain cause of depression and improve. Several lines of evidence suggest that the classic neurotransmitters, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and serotonin, play important roles in the pathogenesis of depressive illness. Reinforcement as a mediating variable between avoidance and depression john p. To our knowledge, we offer the first intraindividual, symptombased, process model with the potential to.
These theories include the cognitive behavioural model and the behavioural. Ask your doctor or mental health practitioner for more details. Depression, in psychology, a mood or emotional state marked by feelings of low selfworth or guilt and a reduced ability to enjoy life. Physical illnesses, including hypothyroidism and mitochondrial disease, can also trigger depressive symptoms. Worldwide, depression is a major cause of disability and premature death. Fundamentally, such depressive symptoms as sad mood, pessimism, and lethargy, are universal human experiences and are considered normal reactions to the struggles, disappointments, and losses of everyday life. Social psychological theories of aggression a number of theories have been put forward by psychologists to explain aggression in terms of social or psychological factors. They also tend to develop some infuriating habit, like scratching their head or arm until it becomes sore, or pulling their hair and pacing the room. Whether as a cause or an effect, depression and changes in brain structure. In one study, endorsement of biological causation of depression was linkedtoprognosticpessimismamong symptomatic individuals 22.
Social environment plays a role in depression both directly and indirectly. According to both the biopsychosocial model and the diathesisstress theory, depressive disorders are caused by many psychological, social, and biological factors. Other biochemical compounds and peptides may also be involved in the etiology of some forms of mood disorders. However, one of the biggest problems for the theory is that of endogenous depression. But it is also a fairly recent and rapidly changing theory. Etiologically, first onset of depression at different ages e. Consid erable research has examined the etiology of depression centering around three seminal cognitive theories.
Uncovering the biology of depression jonathan hwang jonathan. Behavioural activation for depression professor david veale. In order to assess extant theories and to speculate about the directions that future theories might take, this question can be broken down into at least three parts. Seligman 1973 referred to depression as the common cold of psychiatry because of its frequency of diagnosis. Among other things, freud argued that depression can take two forms. Biologicalexplanationsofgeneralized anxietydisorder. Some research has shown that brain structure or activity is different during depression, and depression is associated with disruptions of the brain chemicals. A significant loss may be enough to trigger depression in one person, but a very similar loss experienced by another person might not cause much of a reaction at all.
Monoamines andor their metabolites can be measured within the cerebrospinal fluid csf. The tendency of human beings to imitate the aggressive behaviour of others, sometimes called modelling, especially where such behaviour is seen to go either unpunished or rewarded in. The monoamine theory, derived from the efficacy of monoaminergic drugs in treating. A trial carried out in rural uganda, for example, showed that group interpersonal psychotherapy substantially reduced the symptoms and prevalence of depression among 341 men and women meeting criteria for major or subsyndromal depression.
Alloy northwestern university we present a revision of the 1978 reformulated theory of helplessness and depression and call it the hopelessness theory of depression. The unit 2 exam expects you to know about one nonbiological explanation of a disorder other than schizophrenia. Depressive disorders cannot be explained by any single theory, since many different variables are involved. Three examples of depression theories are rank theory of depression, psychodynamic theory of depression and becks cognitive theory of depression. Behavioral theories of depression emphasize the role maladaptive actions play in the onset and maintenance of depression. Chapter 09 depression wayne mcduffie was a football coach with a solid record of achievement at several southeastern universities.
New data on the function of the hpa axis and the role of crf in stress response, contribute to the further understanding to the neurobiology of depression. The finding brings new insight to longheld theories. Mar 31, 2016 if beck and colleague aim to create a truly integrative theory they will have to find a place for these major developments in the neuropsychopharmacologic science of depression alongside his pioneering contribution to the psychology of depression. Biological theories of depression flashcards quizlet.
Understanding the chemistry of depression may help people better understand the treatments available. Studies have found a link between chronic stress and anxiety disorders as well as major. If you need to print pages from this book, we recommend downloading it as a pdf. Measurements of monoamines and their metabolites in depression consistent findings of low monoamine levels in depressed persons might also be looked to as support for chemical imbalance theories of depression etiology. All of these theories describe one or several aspects of depression and can be helpful in treatment. By assessing changes in depressive symptoms, height, weight, and body fat over a four. Behavioural activation for depression david veale abstract a formal therapy for depression, behavioural activation focuses on activity scheduling to encourage patients to approach activities that they are avoiding and on analysing the function of cognitive processes e. Including nonlethal attempts, approximately 2,000,000 teenagers attempt suicide each year. Several theories concerning the biologically based cause of depression have been suggested over the years, including theories revolving around monoamine neurotransmitters, neuroplasticity, neurogenesis, inflammation and the circadian rhythm.
By late adolescence, girls are twice as likely as boys to be depressed, and this gender ratio. We are now going to have a brief discussion of the many biological, psychological and social factors that have been identified as being related to major depressive disorder. The natural course of elevated depressive symptoms or subthreshold depression in patients with an acute coronary syndrome acs is presented, as is the prognostic impact. Psychology of depression psychodynamic theories depression.
Depression has many theories which have different implications for the therapy that is used to treat it. Personality factors, history and early experiences. Those with agitated depression may find that they cannot sit still or stop talking. Depression may be related to many factors, including a family history of depression, medical illnesses, alcohol, drugs, gender, and age. As long as mcduffie was coaching, mcduffie was happy. Even just considering the biological dimension of depression, the brain has multiple layers of complexity. Department of psychology, university of karachi, pakistan. Depression is a mood disorder which prevents individuals from leading a normal life, at work socially or within their family. Unipolar major depressive disorder is a common condition that has both emotional mood and anxiety and physical aspects 1. Psychological theories of depression 23 mar depression is an illness that presents an individual with a desolate mood, a loss of interest and pleasure, feelings of guilt or low self worth, disrupted sleep pattern or appetite, a loss of energy and poor concentration. Although brain chemicals are certainly part of the cause, this explanation is too simplistic. Biological theories of depression and implications for.
Additionally, an individuals selfconfidence, personality traits such as dependency on others or perfectionism and unrealistic expectations may lead to depression. This theoretical study describes the phenomenon of depression and the use of cognitive therapy in its treatment. There is also some evidence that having your hormones out of balance can contribute to depression. Danielle lynn mitchell, master of science, 2006 thesis directed by. You are also expected to understand a psychological treatment for depression which is linked to these explanations. Unlike biology, psychology is not truly a unified field. The current study is designed to examine the relation of depression to a variety of weightrelated variables and body dissatisfaction in children and adolescents. Department of pharmacology, faculty of pharmacy, pakistan. Your doctor may have suggested medication, especially in a severe depression. Nonbiological explanation ao1 ao2 psychology wizard.
Cognitive distortionsfaulty information processing core irrational beliefs which create a psychological vulnerability to depression. Jul 08, 2018 home depression 5 new theories on the cause of depression. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. This theory is called the biopsychosocial model of causation and is the most generally accepted theory among mental health professionals and researchers of the cause of disorders such as depression. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Clinically, earlier age of onset is associated with a worse course of depression with greater chances of recurrence, chronicity, and impairment. At the moment, those of us teasing out the neurobiology of depression somewhat resemble blind searchers feeling different parts. Apr, 2012 theories about the causes of depression helplessness and hopelessness being frustrated so many times that you have no hope is surely depressing. Psychology of depression psychodynamic theories rashmi nemade, ph.
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